Comprehensive, Continuous, and Vertical Measurements of Seawater Constituents with Triple-Field-of-View High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar
Kai Zhang,
Yatong Chen,
Hongkai Zhao,
Zhongping Lee,
Emmanuel Boss,
Iwona Stachlewska,
Davide Dionisi,
Cédric Jamet,
Paolo D. Girolamo,
Aleksey Malinka,
Chengchong Jiang,
Hongda Wu,
Lingyun Wu,
Feitong Chen,
Xiaolei Zhu,
Nanchao Wang,
Chuxiao Chen,
Qun Liu,
Lan Wu,
Yudi Zhou,
Weibiao Chen,
Dong Liu
Affiliations
Kai Zhang
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Yatong Chen
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Hongkai Zhao
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Zhongping Lee
State Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences,
Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
Emmanuel Boss
School of Marine Sciences,
University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5741, USA.
Iwona Stachlewska
Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02093, Poland.
Davide Dionisi
Institute of Marine Sciences,
Italian National Research Council, Rome 00133, Italy.
Cédric Jamet
Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux F-62930, France.
Paolo D. Girolamo
Institute Scuola di Ingegneria,
Università della Basilicata, Potenza 85100, Italy.
Aleksey Malinka
Institute of Physics,
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
Chengchong Jiang
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Hongda Wu
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Lingyun Wu
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Feitong Chen
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Xiaolei Zhu
Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
Nanchao Wang
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Chuxiao Chen
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Qun Liu
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Lan Wu
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Yudi Zhou
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Weibiao Chen
Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
Dong Liu
Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Measuring the characteristics of seawater constituent is in great demand for studies of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry. However, existing techniques based on remote sensing or in situ samplings present various tradeoffs with regard to the diversity, synchronism, temporal-spatial resolution, and depth-resolved capacity of their data products. Here, we demonstrate a novel oceanic triple-field-of-view (FOV) high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) with an iterative retrieval approach. This technique provides, for the first time, comprehensive, continuous, and vertical measurements of seawater absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and slope of particle size distribution, which are validated by simulations and field experiments. Furthermore, it depicts valuable application potentials in the accuracy improvement of seawater classification and the continuous estimation of depth-resolved particulate organic carbon export. The triple-FOV HSRL with high performance could greatly increase the knowledge of seawater constituents and promote the understanding of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry.
