Sleep disorders after COVID-19 in Czech population: Post-lockdown national online survey

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency, type, and correlates of a broad spectrum of sleep disorders in adults with COVID-19 up to 32 months after infection. Methods: We conducted a national online survey (Jun 2021–Dec 2022), gathering information on COVID-19 diagnosis, acute disease course, and the subsequent development of sleep disorders from 1507 respondents (mean age 44.5 ± 13.1 years, 64.1% women). Results: 81.3% (1223) reported at least one sleep difficulty that either worsened or first appeared with COVID-19. Females reported a higher number of symptoms (2.03 ± 1.44 versus 1.72 ± 1.43 in men, p < 0.0001). Most common were insomnia symptoms (59.4%), followed by night sweats (38.4%), hypersomnolence (33.3%), vivid dreams or nightmares (26.4%), restless leg syndrome (RLS) (22.8%), and sleep-related breathing disorders (11.1%). All symptoms were associated with a more severe acute disease. A mild decreasing trend in the persistence of sleep symptoms with a longer latency since infection was observed, with 66.7% reporting at least half of their symptoms present at 3–5 months after acute infection, compared to 64.9% at 6–8 months, and 62.4% at 9–11 months (p = 0.0427). However, among those after 12 or more months, over half of the symptoms persisted in 69.5%. The frequency of vivid dreams and nightmares increased in association with COVID-19 in 32.9% (p < 0.001). 9.4% (141) reported new-onset or increased parasomnic manifestations after the infection. Conclusions: Our research shows that sleep disturbances are a common and persistent manifestation of COVID-19 that affects a large proportion of the population and deserves careful monitoring.

Keywords

• Nightmare
• Parasomnia
• Dream-enactment behaviour
• SARS-CoV-2
• Long COVID
• Prevalence