Quantifying the daily intake of water from morning and spot urine samples; retrospective analysis of a clinical trial in volunteers

Abstract

Abstract Background The hydration status can be indicated by biomarkers in the urine. However, the sensitivity and specificity of single measurements of biomarkers in morning urine and spot urine samples to quantify previous and current daily water ingestion is unclear. Methods The water content of food and liquid consumed by 20 volunteers (mean age 42 years) was calculated daily for two weeks. The volunteers increased their consumption of water by approximately 30% during the second week. They measured their excreted urine volume and sampled the morning urine and 24-h collections of urine for analysis of osmolality and creatinine during the first four days of both weeks (N = 157). The same biomarkers of hydration were measured in spot samples taken at every voiding on the other days (N = 762). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to study the ability of pre-specified ranges of biomarkers to quantify the water intake. Results The biomarkers in the morning urine obtained during normal fluid intake quantified the water consumption with an average area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.72 for osmolality and 0.66 for creatinine. Spot urine yielded an AUC of 0.74 for osmolality and 0.70 for creatinine. The AUCs obtained for days of increased fluid intake were approximately 10% lower. Large intakes (3–4 L daily) were identified with a sensitivity of 50–80% and low intakes (< 1.5–2 L) with a sensitivity of 20–50%, while false positives occurred in approximately 10%. Conclusion Biomarkers in morning urine and spot urine samples distinguished between large and small daily water intakes. Osmolality was slightly superior to creatinine. The indications were less useful during days of increased fluid intake.

Keywords

• Biomarkers
• Creatinine
• Hydration status
• Fluid retention
• Osmolality
• Urine analysis