Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Morbidity in Patients with Urolithiasis: An Epidemiological Approach Based on Hospitalization Burden Data from 1997 to 2021

Abstract

Background: Patients with kidney stones (KSFs) are known to have a heightened risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke. The objective of the present study was to describe the natural history of these complications through the longitudinal analysis of the hospitalizations due to kidney stones in Spain from 1997 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was developed based on nationwide hospitalization data (minimum basic data base). Three different analyses were carried out. In the first step, the prevalence of coronary or cerebrovascular events in kidney stone hospitalizations was compared with the hospitalization burden of CHD or strokes related to the general population. In the second step, a survival analysis of the kidney stones–hospitalized patients using the Kaplan–Meier method was conducted. In the third step, a Cox regression was used to assess the influence of the classical comorbidities in the development of the lithiasic patients–cardiovascular disease. Results: Kidney stone-hospitalized patients exhibit a significantly higher risk of CHD (OR = 14.8 CI95%: 14.7–14.9) and stroke (OR = 6.7 CI95%: 6.6–6.8) compared to the general population across in all age groups, although they had less cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 9352 KSFs (1.5%) developed a coronary event within an average time of 78.8 months. A total of 2120 KSFs (0.33%) suffered a stroke in an average time of 71.1 months. Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and being overweight were identified as risk factors for developing CHD and stroke using a univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous studies in which kidney stones must be considered as a risk factor for developing CHD or cerebrovascular disease. Preventive strategies should target patients with kidney stones and classical risk cardiovascular factors to mitigate modifiable conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords

• urolithiasis
• coronary heart disease
• cerebrovascular disease
• endothelial dysfunction
• epidemiology