臺灣教育社會學研究 (Dec 2020)
H. Mann公共教育普及的理念與實踐 Horace Mann on Popularizing Common School Education: Thoughts and Practices
Abstract
本研究旨在探究美國公共教育運動關鍵領導人物H. Mann的公共教育思想及其實踐作為。本研究採用歷史研究法與文件檔案分析法，以Mann的12次年度教育報告書為主要文本，嘗試從社會文化、經濟條件、學校教育內容、師資培育制度等面向探索Mann的公共教育思想內涵。本研究發現，十九世紀初美國人民因宗教、政治制度與經濟的影響，公共教育難以普及。Mann認為教育為人民的基本權利，可改善個人與社會經濟發展，為調節社經條件差異、消弭階級對立、達到社會平衡的重要機制。為實現公共教育普及之目的，Mann提出改善兒童學校出席率、延長公共學校學習時數、喚醒大眾公共教育意識、提升公共學校師資素質、有效整合公共教育資源、強化知識與道德教育等論述。最後，本研究根據Mann公共教育普及理念與其相關改革實踐，進行分析與討論。 This article aims to explore the thoughts and practices of Horace Mann, a key figure in the American common school movement. Historical research and document analysis methods were adopted in analyzing Mann’s Annual Educational Reports, as the main text, in order to explore Mann’s thoughts on the common school education from the perspectives of social culture, economic conditions, school education, and teacher training. This study found that the popularization of common school education in the United States in the early 19th century was influenced by religion, the political system, and the economy. Mann believed that education is a fundamental right of all people, with the potential to improve both personal and social economic development, thereby serving as an important mechanism in regulating socioeconomic inequalities, eliminating class conflicts, and achieving social balance. In order to achieve the goal of popular education, Mann advocated improving school attendance, extending school hours, improving the quality of common school teachers, awakening public awareness of education, effectively integrating common school education resources, and reinforcing intellectual and moral education. Finally, based on the research findings, this article conducts a comprehensive analysis and discussion of Mann’s thoughts on popularizing common school education and related reform practices.
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