Molecules (Jun 2021)

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids Extracted from <i>Bactris gasipaes</i> Fruit: Differences between Conventional and Ionic Liquid-Mediated Extraction

  • Leonardo M. de Souza Mesquita,
  • Daniella Carisa Murador,
  • Bruna Vitória Neves,
  • Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga,
  • Luciana Pellegrini Pisani,
  • Veridiana Vera de Rosso

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133989
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 26, no. 13
p. 3989

Abstract

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Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit Bactris gasipaes, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.

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