Club Cell Secretory Protein-16 (CC16) as a Prognostic Biomarker for COVID-19 and H1N1 Viral Infections
Shane Moore,
Keerthana Gopichandran,
Elizabeth Sevier,
Siddhika Gamare,
Sultan Almuntashiri,
Gustavo Ramírez,
Nora Regino,
Luis Jiménez-Alvarez,
Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas,
Tatiana S. Rodriguez-Reyna,
Joaquin Zuñiga,
Caroline A. Owen,
Xiaoyun Wang,
Duo Zhang
Affiliations
Shane Moore
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Keerthana Gopichandran
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Elizabeth Sevier
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Siddhika Gamare
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Sultan Almuntashiri
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Gustavo Ramírez
Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Nora Regino
Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Luis Jiménez-Alvarez
Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Tatiana S. Rodriguez-Reyna
Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Joaquin Zuñiga
Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
Caroline A. Owen
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Xiaoyun Wang
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Duo Zhang
Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and H1N1 viruses are inflammatory lung pathogens that can lead to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ALI/ARDS are still life-threatening diseases in critically ill patients with 30–40% mortality in the last decade. Currently, there are no laboratory tests for the early diagnosis or prognosis of ALI/ARDS. Club cell secretory protein (CC16) has been investigated as a potential biomarker of lung epithelial damage in various lung diseases. In this study, we evaluated whether plasma CC16 reflects the severity of COVID-19 and H1N1 infections. The plasma CC16 levels showed no significant differences between H1N1 and COVID-19 groups (p = 0.09). Among all subjects, CC16 levels were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors (p = 0.001). Upon the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) analysis, CC16 had an acceptable value to distinguish survivors and non-survivors (p = 0.002). In the COVID-19 group, plasma CC16 levels moderately correlated with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (r = 0.374, p = 0.003) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (r = 0.474, p p = 0.022). Among all the patients, weak correlations between plasma CC16 levels with the SOFA score (r = 0.328, p p < 0.001) were observed. Thus, circulating CC16 might reflect the severity of COVID-19 and H1N1 infections.
