Provincial distribution and factors associated with self-reported sexually transmitted infections and their symptoms among women in Sierra Leone

Abstract

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health concern worldwide. These infections can have severe consequences for women’s health, including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and increased risk of HIV acquisition. Understanding the prevalence and factors associated with STIs among women in Sierra Leone is crucial to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study investigated the provincial distribution and factors associated with self-reported STIs (SR-STIs) and STI symptoms among women in Sierra Leone. Methods The study used data from the 2019 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey, comprising 13,965 women aged 15 to 49 who have ever had sex. Provincial variations in the prevalence of SR-STIs and STI symptoms were presented using a spatial map. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with SR-STIs and STI symptoms among women in Sierra Leone. The results were presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The overall prevalence of SR-STIs and their symptoms was 21.6% [20.4, 22.9] among women in Sierra Leone. Higher odds of SR-STIs and their symptoms were associated with being aged 25–29 (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10,1.66), 30–34 (aOR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.09,1.74), 35–39 (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.77), having tested for HIV (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.29), and having multiple sexual partners (aOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.80, 2.83) compared to those in the reference category. Being in the rich wealth index (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.57), living in the Northern (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 2.08, 2.83) and Northwestern province (aOR = 3.28, 95% CI = 2.81, 3.83), and being covered by health insurance (aOR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.62, 3.88) were associated with higher odds of SR-STIs and their symptoms. Lower odds of SR-STIs and their symptoms were found among women with one (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.96), two (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.93), three (aOR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.83), and four or more children (aOR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.49, 0.77], those residing in rural areas (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.94), and women living in the Southern province (aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.57, 0.80) compared to those in the reference category. Conclusion The findings indicate that SR-STIs and their symptoms are prevalent among women in Sierra Leone. Our findings underscore the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to address the SR-STIs and their symptoms among women in Sierra Leone. The increased risk among women aged 25–39, those with multiple sexual partners and those from wealthier backgrounds, suggests that educational programmes focusing on safe sexual practices and STI prevention should be prioritized in urban and affluent areas. Additionally, the lower odds of SR-STIs among women with more children and those in rural regions indicate that family dynamics and geographic factors may offer protective benefits, which could be leveraged in public health messaging. Our findings highlight the importance of tailoring health services and outreach efforts to effectively reach and support vulnerable populations, ultimately aiming to reduce the incidence of SR-STIs.

Keywords

• Sexually transmitted infections
• Prevalence
• Women
• Sierra Leone
• Demographic and Health Survey