Urethral duplication associated with complex chordee: a narrative review of literature and report of a case

Abstract

Abstract Background Urethral duplication (UD) is reportedly rare. It is rarer in females. Knowledge on this anomaly comes from isolated report of cases. The aim of this review is to summarize information available on this anomaly thereby revealing gaps in knowledge, and to appropriately situate a recently managed case. Methods Publications on UD in English language from 2001 to 2021 were searched for in the literature. Of importance were age at presentation, class of UD, nature of associated penile deformity and other structural anomalies. Available information was used to synthesize opinions after descriptive analyses using SPSS® version 21 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). In addition, a recently managed case of UD was reported and appropriately situated in the discourse. Result In all, 115 articles met the inclusion criteria. Majority (75.7%) were individual case reports, while the rest were retrospective review of case series. These provided a total of 269 reported cases. Of this lot, 38 cases were excluded because they either had no Effmann’s class or were not described well enough for an Effmann’s class to be assigned. Ultimately, 231 cases formed the basis for this review. Male to female ratio was 12:1. Types III and IIB had more females. Types IIA 2 (26.0%), IIA 2 “Y” (26.4%) and IA (22.5%) were frequently reported. About 61.8% males and 68.4% females had no associated defects. Isolated dorsal chordee was prevalent (7.1%), especially among type IA (16.7%) UD. Reported in 10.4%, vesicoureteric reflux may not be attributable always to high pressure voiding. A boy who presented at the age of 18 years with Effmann type IA UD and an associated complex chordee of the penile shaft was reported. The complex nature of the chordee adds to the challenge of explaining associated penile defects in UD. Conclusion UD is rare, but reported from all parts of the globe. There are a number of associated defects involving the external genitalia and other organs reported in UD in the male. The mechanisms of these defects are yet to be fully understood.

Keywords

• Complex chordee
• Urethral duplication
• Effmann classification
• Urethrography
• Urethral excision
• Case report