The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
Strong Carbon Features and a Red Early Color in the Underluminous Type Ia SN 2022xkq
- Jeniveve Pearson,
- David J. Sand,
- Peter Lundqvist,
- Lluís Galbany,
- Jennifer E. Andrews,
- K. Azalee Bostroem,
- Yize Dong,
- Emily Hoang,
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh,
- Daryl Janzen,
- Jacob E. Jencson,
- Michael J. Lundquist,
- Darshana Mehta,
- Nicolás Meza Retamal,
- Manisha Shrestha,
- Stefano Valenti,
- Samuel Wyatt,
- Joseph P. Anderson,
- Chris Ashall,
- Katie Auchettl,
- Eddie Baron,
- Stéphane Blondin,
- Christopher R. Burns,
- Yongzhi Cai,
- Ting-Wan Chen,
- Laura Chomiuk,
- David A. Coulter,
- Dane Cross,
- Kyle W. Davis,
- Thomas de Jaeger,
- James M. DerKacy,
- Dhvanil D. Desai,
- Georgios Dimitriadis,
- Aaron Do,
- Joseph R. Farah,
- Ryan J. Foley,
- Mariusz Gromadzki,
- Claudia P. Gutiérrez,
- Joshua Haislip,
- Jonay I. González Hernández,
- Jason T. Hinkle,
- Willem B. Hoogendam,
- D. Andrew Howell,
- Peter Hoeflich,
- Eric Hsiao,
- Mark E. Huber,
- Saurabh W. Jha,
- Cristina Jiménez Palau,
- Charles D. Kilpatrick,
- Vladimir Kouprianov,
- Sahana Kumar,
- Lindsey A. Kwok,
- Conor Larison,
- Natalie LeBaron,
- Xavier Le Saux,
- Jing Lu,
- Curtis McCully,
- Tycho Mera Evans,
- Peter Milne,
- Maryam Modjaz,
- Nidia Morrell,
- Tomás E. Müller-Bravo,
- Megan Newsome,
- Matt Nicholl,
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez,
- Anna V. Payne,
- Craig Pellegrino,
- Kim Phan,
- Jonathan Pineda-García,
- Anthony L. Piro,
- Lara Piscarreta,
- Abigail Polin,
- Daniel E. Reichart,
- César Rojas-Bravo,
- Stuart D. Ryder,
- Irene Salmaso,
- Michaela Schwab,
- Melissa Shahbandeh,
- Benjamin J. Shappee,
- Matthew R. Siebert,
- Nathan Smith,
- Jay Strader,
- Kirsty Taggart,
- Giacomo Terreran,
- Samaporn Tinyanont,
- M. A. Tucker,
- Giorgio Valerin,
- D. R. Young
Affiliations
- Jeniveve Pearson
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- David J. Sand
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Peter Lundqvist
- ORCiD
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , Albanova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Lluís Galbany
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Jennifer E. Andrews
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory , 670 North A‘ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720-2700, USA
- K. Azalee Bostroem
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Yize Dong
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Emily Hoang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Griffin Hosseinzadeh
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Daryl Janzen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan , 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Jacob E. Jencson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Michael J. Lundquist
- ORCiD
- W. M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Māmalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743-8431, USA
- Darshana Mehta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Nicolás Meza Retamal
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Manisha Shrestha
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Stefano Valenti
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Samuel Wyatt
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-0002, USA
- Joseph P. Anderson
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics MAS , Nuncio Monsenor Sotero Sanz 100, Off. 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Chris Ashall
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech , 850 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Katie Auchettl
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Eddie Baron
- ORCiD
- Planetary Science Institute , 1700 East Fort Lowell Road, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA; Hamburger Sternwarte , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany; Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma , 440 W. Brooks, Norman, OK 73019-2061, USA
- Stéphane Blondin
- ORCiD
- Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS, CNES, LAM, F-13388 Marseille, France
- Christopher R. Burns
- ORCiD
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institute for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101-1232, USA
- Yongzhi Cai
- ORCiD
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China; International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory , Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China
- Ting-Wan Chen
- ORCiD
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University , 300 Jhongda Road, 32001 Jhongli, Taiwan
- Laura Chomiuk
- ORCiD
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- David A. Coulter
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Dane Cross
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Kyle W. Davis
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Thomas de Jaeger
- ORCiD
- LPNHE, (CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité) , Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, F-75005, Paris, France
- James M. DerKacy
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech , 850 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Dhvanil D. Desai
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- Georgios Dimitriadis
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
- Aaron Do
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- Joseph R. Farah
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
- Ryan J. Foley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Mariusz Gromadzki
- ORCiD
- Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
- Claudia P. Gutiérrez
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Joshua Haislip
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Jonay I. González Hernández
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Universidad de La Laguna , Dept. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Jason T. Hinkle
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- Willem B. Hoogendam
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- D. Andrew Howell
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA; Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Peter Hoeflich
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
- Eric Hsiao
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
- Mark E. Huber
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- Saurabh W. Jha
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Cristina Jiménez Palau
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Charles D. Kilpatrick
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Avenue, 8th Floor, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Vladimir Kouprianov
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Sahana Kumar
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Lindsey A. Kwok
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Conor Larison
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Natalie LeBaron
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Xavier Le Saux
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Jing Lu
- ORCiD
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Curtis McCully
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA; Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Tycho Mera Evans
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
- Peter Milne
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Maryam Modjaz
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Nidia Morrell
- ORCiD
- Las Campanas Observatory , Carnegie Observatories, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
- Tomás E. Müller-Bravo
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Megan Newsome
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA; Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Matt Nicholl
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Estefania Padilla Gonzalez
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA; Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Anna V. Payne
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USA
- Craig Pellegrino
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Kim Phan
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Gran Capità, 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Desp. 201, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Jonathan Pineda-García
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello , Fernández Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
- Anthony L. Piro
- ORCiD
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institute for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101-1232, USA
- Lara Piscarreta
- ORCiD
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Abigail Polin
- ORCiD
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institute for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101-1232, USA; Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , Mail Code 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Daniel E. Reichart
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina , 120 East Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- César Rojas-Bravo
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Stuart D. Ryder
- ORCiD
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , NSW 2109, Australia; Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics Research Centre, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Irene Salmaso
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università degli studi di Padova Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3 , I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Michaela Schwab
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA
- Melissa Shahbandeh
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USA
- Benjamin J. Shappee
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
- Matthew R. Siebert
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USA
- Nathan Smith
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA ; [email protected]
- Jay Strader
- ORCiD
- Center for Data Intensive and Time Domain Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Kirsty Taggart
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA
- Giacomo Terreran
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
- Samaporn Tinyanont
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) , Don Kaeo, Mae Rim District, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand
- M. A. Tucker
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, The Ohio State University , 191 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Giorgio Valerin
- ORCiD
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università degli studi di Padova Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3 , I-35122 Padova, Italy
- D. R. Young
- ORCiD
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0153
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 960,
no. 1
p. 29
Abstract
We present optical, infrared, ultraviolet, and radio observations of SN 2022xkq, an underluminous fast-declining Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) in NGC 1784 ( D ≈ 31 Mpc), from <1 to 180 days after explosion. The high-cadence observations of SN 2022xkq, a photometrically transitional and spectroscopically 91bg-like SN Ia, cover the first days and weeks following explosion, which are critical to distinguishing between explosion scenarios. The early light curve of SN 2022xkq has a red early color and exhibits a flux excess that is more prominent in redder bands; this is the first time such a feature has been seen in a transitional/91bg-like SN Ia. We also present 92 optical and 19 near-infrared (NIR) spectra, beginning 0.4 days after explosion in the optical and 2.6 days after explosion in the NIR. SN 2022xkq exhibits a long-lived C i 1.0693 μ m feature that persists until 5 days post-maximum. We also detect C ii λ 6580 in the pre-maximum optical spectra. These lines are evidence for unburnt carbon that is difficult to reconcile with the double detonation of a sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. No existing explosion model can fully explain the photometric and spectroscopic data set of SN 2022xkq, but the considerable breadth of the observations is ideal for furthering our understanding of the processes that produce faint SNe Ia.
Keywords
