Organoid and organoid extracellular vesicles for osteoporotic fractures therapy: Current status and future perspectives

Abstract

Abstract Osteoporosis is a systemic and degenerative disease characterized by low bone mass and fragile microarchitecture, which predispose patients to fragility fractures, also known as osteoporotic fractures (OPF). OPF have become a major social problem that threaten the health of the elderly. Over the past decade, organoids and organoids extracellular vesicles (OEVs) play a significant role in OPF repair. Organoids have been widely used for fractures treatment. Moreover, EVs are promising nanocarriers due to their cell‐free system, stable drug loading capacity, nanometer size, and good biocompatibility. Importanly, compared with traditional EVs, OEVs have more quantity, better physiological effects, and better therapeutic effects. Therefore, the development of organoid and OEVs in the treatment of OPF is of great significance. Here, we summarize the current status and future perspectives of organoids and OEVs, which will provide innovative solutions to OPF repair.

Keywords

• bone organoids
• extracellular vesicles
• organoid extracellular vesicles
• organoids
• osteoporotic fractures