On Droop Control of Energy-Constrained Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid Frequency Regulation

Abstract

This paper proposes the droop control algorithm for multiple distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with their state of charge (SOC) feedback, shown to be effective in providing grid services while managing the SOC of the ESS. By extending the mathematical links between the ESS SOC and power dynamics for frequency regulation, this paper elaborates on how the proposed scheme integrates multiple ESS into the load frequency control and the ESS effectively augments the functional roles of the incumbent generators. The control performance for a group of ESS in grid operations is evaluated and characterized by using metrics such as the cut-off frequency and settling time, and the initial and final value theorems. Theoretical insights and practical issues are discussed. Various numerical examples and case studies for a simplified Australian network with high penetration of renewables demonstrate the validity and efficacy of the proposed method.

Keywords

• Energy storage system (ESS)
• frequency regulation
• reserve
• droop control
• state of charge (SOC)
• energy feedback