Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by <em>Escherichia coli</em>: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater
Muhammad Ikram,
Mohammad Naeem,
Muhammad Zahoor,
Marlia Mohd Hanafiah,
Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi,
Riaz Ullah,
Dunia A. Al Farraj,
Mohamed S. Elshikh,
Ivar Zekker,
Naila Gulfam
Affiliations
Muhammad Ikram
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Mohammad Naeem
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Muhammad Zahoor
Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
Marlia Mohd Hanafiah
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Riaz Ullah
Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Dunia A. Al Farraj
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed S. Elshikh
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Ivar Zekker
Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
Naila Gulfam
Department of Zoology, Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 23000, Pakistan
In this study, initially 11 different bacterial strains were tested for the degradation capabilities against Basic Orange 2 dye. In initial screening with 78.90% degradation activity, Escherichia coli emerged as the most promising strain to degrade the selected dye, and was then employed in subsequent experiments. For further enhancing the degradation capability of selected bacteria, the effects of various physicochemical parameters were also evaluated. Among the tested parameters, 20 ppm dye concentration, 1666 mg/L glucose concentration, a temperature of 40 °C, 666 mg/L sodium chloride concentration, pH 7, 1000 mg/L urea concentration, a 3-day incubation period and the use of sodium benzoate as a redox mediator (666 mg/L) were found to be ideal conditions to get the highest decolorization/degradation activities. Finally, all the mentioned parameters were combined in a single set of experiments, and the decolorization capacity of the bacteria was enhanced to 89.88%. The effect of pH, dye concentration, incubation time and temperature were found to be responsible for the optimum degradation of dye (p Escherichia coli is a capable strain to be used in the bioremediation of textile effluents containing azo dyes. However, the selected bacterial strain may need to be further investigated for other dyes as well.
