Effect of TiO<sub>2</sub>-ZnO-MgO Mixed Oxide on Microbial Growth and Toxicity against <i>Artemia salina</i>
Luis M. Anaya-Esparza,
Napoleón González-Silva,
Elhadi M. Yahia,
O. A. González-Vargas,
Efigenia Montalvo-González,
Alejandro Pérez-Larios
Affiliations
Luis M. Anaya-Esparza
Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 255 Fracc, Lagos del Country, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico
Napoleón González-Silva
División de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
Elhadi M. Yahia
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
O. A. González-Vargas
Departamento de Ingeniería en Control y Automatización, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica-Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPALM, Av. Politécnico S/N, Col. Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
Efigenia Montalvo-González
Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 255 Fracc, Lagos del Country, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico
Alejandro Pérez-Larios
División de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
Mixed oxide nanoparticles (MONs, TiO2−ZnO−MgO) obtained by the sol-gel method were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, (TEM, HRTEM, and SAED) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTGA−DTA). Furthermore, the effect of MONs on microbial growth (growth profiling curve, lethal and sublethal effect) of Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as the toxicity against Artemia salina by the lethal concentration test (LC50) were evaluated. MONs exhibited a near-spherical in shape, polycrystalline structure and mean sizes from 17 to 23 nm. The thermal analysis revealed that the anatase phase of MONs is completed around 480−500 °C. The normal growth of all bacteria tested is affected by the MONs presence compared with the control group. MONs also exhibited a reduction on the plate count from 0.58 to 2.10 log CFU/mL with a sublethal cell injury from 17 to 98%. No significant toxicity within 24 h was observed on A. salina. A bacteriostatic effect of MONs on bacteria was evidenced, which was strongly influenced by the type of bacteria, as well as no toxic effects (LC50 >1000 mg/L; TiO2−ZnO (5%)−MgO (5%)) on A. salina were detected. This study demonstrates the potential of MONs for industrial applications.
