Distance as a barrier to HIV testing among sexual and gender minority populations in the rural southern US: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Introduction: Sexual and gender minority people who live in rural areas are less likely to have had a HIV test in the previous 12 months compared with those who live in non-rural areas. We assessed the independent contribution of distance and time required to travel to receive a HIV test on recent uptake of HIV testing. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of sexual and gender minority populations in the southern US. We used Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate prevalence ratios to compare uptake of HIV testing in the previous 12 months among those who traveled more than 20 miles (~32 km) and more than 30 minutes to their most recent HIV test compared with those who traveled less distance and time to their most recent test, respectively. Results: A total of 508 (n=155 rural, n=348 non-rural) participants completed the survey. Of these, 398 (78.5%) had received a HIV test in the previous 12 months. Those who traveled more than 20 miles (~32 km) to their most recent test were more likely to have not received a HIV test in the previous 12 months compared with those who traveled 20 miles (~32 km) or less (adjusted prevalence ratio 2.25; 95% confidence interval 1.22-4.17). There were no differences based on travel time to the most recent test. Conclusion: Distance, but not time, to travel to receive a HIV test is independently associated with reduced HIV testing. More geographically proximal options or access to home-based testing might reduce this barrier.

Keywords

• barriers to testing
• HIV prevention
• HIV testing
• men who have sex with men
• transgender persons
• US.