Electrocardiogram Signal Analysis With a Machine Learning Model Predicts the Presence of Pulmonary Embolism With Accuracy Dependent on Embolism Burden

Abstract

Objective: To develop an artificial intelligence deep neural network (AI-DNN) algorithm to analyze 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) for detection of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and PE categories. Patients and Methods: A cohort of patients seen between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2020, from across the Mayo Clinic Enterprise with computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) and ECG performed ±6 hours was identified. Natural language processing algorithms were applied to radiology reports to determine the diagnosis of acute PE, acute right ventricular strain pulmonary embolism (RVSPE), saddle pulmonary embolism (SADPE), or no PE. Diagnostic performance parameters of the AI-DNN reported were area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results: A cohort of patients with CTPA report and ECG consisted of 79,894 patients including 7423 (9.3%) with acute PE, among whom 1138 patients had RVSPE or SADPE. Artificial intelligence deep neural network predicted acute PE with a modest accuracy of AUROC of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.68-0.71), sensitivity of 63.5%, specificity of 64.7%, PPV of 15.6%, and NPV of 94.5%. The AI-DNN prediction using the same algorithm for RVSPE or SADPE was higher (AUROC, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.86) with a sensitivity of 80.8%, specificity of 64.7.8%, PPV of 3.5%, and NPV of 99.5%. Conclusion: An AI-based analysis of 12-lead ECG shows modest detection power for acute PE in patients who underwent CTPA, with higher accuracy for high-risk PE. Moreover, with the high NPV, it has the clinical potential to exclude high-risk PE quickly and correctly.