Effect of Ion-Plasma Nitriding on Phase Composition and Tensile Properties of AISI 321-Type Stainless Steel Produced by Wire-Feed Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing

Abstract

We study the effect of ion-plasma surface nitriding on the phase composition, microstructure, surface microhardness, and tensile properties of the AISI 321-type stainless steel produced by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). Ion-plasma nitriding at 550 °C for 12 h in N2/H2 gases provides the formation of a 10-μm thick surface layer with solid solution strengthening by nitrogen atoms (Fe-γN и Fe-αN) and dispersion hardening (γ’-Fe4N) with a fivefold increase in surface hardness up to ≈12 GPa. Surface ion-plasma nitriding of additively produced steel does not affect the anisotropy of mechanical properties, but rather increases the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength while maintaining high plasticity in the specimens. In specimens after ion-plasma nitriding, the fracture mechanism changes from initially ductile to a quasi-brittle fracture near the surface and ductile transgranular mode in the central parts of the specimens. The nitrided layer fractured in a transgranular brittle manner with the formation of quasi-cleavage facets and secondary cracks near the surface of the specimens. Brittle fracture of the compositional layer occurs due to the complex solid solution strengthening and particle hardening of austenite.

Keywords

• additive manufacturing
• austenitic stainless steel
• ion-plasma nitriding
• solid solution strengthening
• microstructure
• phase composition