Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight/obesity—a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortiumResearch in context
Catherine Gibbons,
Kristine Beaulieu,
Eva Almiron-Roig,
Santiago Navas-Carretero,
J. Alfredo Martínez,
Beverley O’Hara,
Dominic O’Connor,
Julie-Anne Nazare,
Alain Le Bail,
Cécile Rannou,
Charlotte Hardman,
Moon Wilton,
Louise Kjølbæk,
Corey Scott,
Hariklia Moshoyiannis,
Anne Raben,
Joanne A. Harrold,
Jason C.G. Halford,
Graham Finlayson
Affiliations
Catherine Gibbons
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK; Corresponding author.
Kristine Beaulieu
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
Eva Almiron-Roig
University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain
Santiago Navas-Carretero
University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
J. Alfredo Martínez
University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Beverley O’Hara
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
Dominic O’Connor
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
Julie-Anne Nazare
Human Nutrition Research Center Rhône-Alpes, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, France
Alain Le Bail
ONIRIS - UMR CNRS GEPEA 6144, Oniris, France
Cécile Rannou
ONIRIS - UMR CNRS GEPEA 6144, Oniris, France
Charlotte Hardman
Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
Moon Wilton
Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
Louise Kjølbæk
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Corey Scott
Core Research and Development, Cargill, Inc, USA
Hariklia Moshoyiannis
International Reference Laboratory Services, Bioiatriki S.A., Athens, Greece
Anne Raben
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Joanne A. Harrold
Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
Jason C.G. Halford
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
Graham Finlayson
School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
Summary: Background: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SE) are used to replace energy yielding sugars and maintain sweet taste in a wide range of products, but controversy exists about their effects on appetite and endocrine responses in reduced or no added sugar solid foods. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the acute (1 day) and repeated (two-week daily) ingestive effects of 2 S&SE vs. sucrose formulations of biscuit with fruit filling on appetite and endocrine responses in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods: In a randomised crossover trial, 53 healthy adults (33 female, 20 male) with overweight/obesity in England and France consumed biscuits with fruit filling containing 1) sucrose, or reformulated with either 2) Stevia Rebaudioside M (StRebM) or 3) Neotame daily during three, two-week intervention periods with a two-week washout. The primary outcome was composite appetite score defined as [desire to eat + hunger + (100 − fullness) + prospective consumption]/4. Findings: Each formulation elicited a similar reduction in appetite sensations (3-h postprandial net iAUC). Postprandial insulin (2-h iAUC) was lower after Neotame (95% CI (0.093, 0.166); p < 0.001; d = −0.71) and StRebM (95% CI (0.133, 0.205); p < 0.001; d = −1.01) compared to sucrose, and glucose was lower after StRebM (95% CI (0.023, 0.171); p < 0.05; d = −0.39) but not after Neotame (95% CI (−0.007, 0.145); p = 0.074; d = −0.25) compared to sucrose. There were no differences between S&SE or sucrose formulations on ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pancreatic polypeptide iAUCs. No clinically meaningful differences between acute vs. two-weeks of daily consumption were found. Interpretation: In conclusion, biscuits reformulated to replace sugar using StRebM or Neotame showed no differences in appetite or endocrine responses, acutely or after a two-week exposure, but can reduce postprandial insulin and glucose response in adults with overweight or obesity. Funding: The present study was funded by the Horizon 2020 program: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: Impact on health, obesity, safety and sustainability (acronym: SWEET, grant no: 774293).
