Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Aerial Part of <i>Ajuga integrifolia</i> (Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don): Anti-Shigellosis Activity and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies
Fekade Beshah Tessema,
Yilma Hunde Gonfa,
Tilahun Belayneh Asfaw,
Tigist Getachew Tadesse,
Mesfin Getachew Tadesse,
Archana Bachheti,
Devi Prasad Pandey,
Saikh M. Wabaidur,
Kholood A. Dahlous,
Ivan Širić,
Pankaj Kumar,
Vinod Kumar,
Sami Abou Fayssal,
Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
Affiliations
Fekade Beshah Tessema
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
Yilma Hunde Gonfa
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
Tilahun Belayneh Asfaw
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
Tigist Getachew Tadesse
Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Health Biotechnology Directorate, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia
Mesfin Getachew Tadesse
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
Archana Bachheti
Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India
Devi Prasad Pandey
Department of Chemistry, Govt Degree College Dehradun Shahar, Suddhowala, Dehradun 248007, India
Saikh M. Wabaidur
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Kholood A. Dahlous
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Ivan Širić
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Pankaj Kumar
Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India
Vinod Kumar
Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar 249404, India
Sami Abou Fayssal
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia
Shigellosis is one of the major causes of death in children worldwide. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are expected to demonstrate anti-shigellosis activity and anti-diarrheal properties. The aerial part of A. integrifolia is commonly used against diarrhea. This study aimed to identify flavonoids and phenolic acids responsible for this therapeutic purpose. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content were determined. The antibacterial activity of the aerial part against Shigella spp. was also tested using the agar well diffusion method. HPLC analysis was performed using UHPLC-DAD for different extracts of the aerial part. Autodock Vina in the PyRx platform was used to screen responsible components. Ciprofloxacin was used as a reference drug. An enzyme taking part in pyrimidine biosynthesis was used as a target protein. Molecular docking results were visualized using Discovery Studio and LigPlot1.4.5 software. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content are more significant for the aerial part of A. integrifolia. From HPLC analysis, the presence of the flavonoids, quercetin, myricetin, and rutin and the phenolic acids gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid were identified from the aerial part of A. integrifolia. Regarding the antibacterial activity, the aerial part shows considerable activity against Shigella spp. Binding energies, RMSD and Ki values, interaction type, and distance are considered to identify the components most likely responsible for the therapeutic effects and observed activity. Antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content of the aerial part are in line with anti-shigellosis activity. The top five components that are most likely potentially responsible for therapeutic purposes and anti-shigellosis activity are chlorogenic acid, rutin, dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin, and kaempferol.
