A Technical Analysis of Solid Recovered Fuel from Torrefied Jatropha Seed Residue via a Two-Stage Mechanical Screw Press and Solvent Extraction Process
Min-Hao Yuan,
Chia-Chi Chang,
Tsung-Chi Hsu,
Je-Lueng Shie,
Yi-Hung Chen,
Ching-Yuan Chang,
Cheng-Fang Lin,
Chang-Ping Yu,
Chao-Hsiung Wu,
Manh Van Do,
Far-Ching Lin,
Duu-Jong Lee,
Bo-Liang Liu,
Yen-Hau Chen,
Michael Huang
Affiliations
Min-Hao Yuan
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
Chia-Chi Chang
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Tsung-Chi Hsu
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Je-Lueng Shie
Department of Environmental Engineering, National I-Lan University, Yi-Lan 260, Taiwan
Yi-Hung Chen
Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Ching-Yuan Chang
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Cheng-Fang Lin
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Chang-Ping Yu
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Chao-Hsiung Wu
Department of Environmental Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan
Manh Van Do
Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 1000000, Vietnam
Far-Ching Lin
Department of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Duu-Jong Lee
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Bo-Liang Liu
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Yen-Hau Chen
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Michael Huang
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
This study investigated the torrefaction of de-oiled Jatropha seed residue after a two-stage sequential process consisting of mechanical screw pressing and solvent extraction using n-hexane (denoted as JMS). The optimal torrefaction temperature (Tr) and torrefaction time (tr) were determined in the ranges of 260–300 °C and 10–60 min, respectively, so to achieve a better heating value and satisfactory energy densification (ED) with acceptable mass loss. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to elucidate the thermal decomposition behaviors of JMS. By comparison with the torrefaction of Jatropha seed residue after mechanical oil extraction by screw pressing only (namely, JMET), the results indicated that the ED of the torrefaction of JMS yielding the torrefied product JMST (two-stage product) was higher than that of the torrefaction of JME giving the torrefied product JMET (single-stage product). Further, it was found that JMET contained some tar, which was attributed to a thermal reaction in the residual oil in JME during torrefaction. The tar/oil content of JMET was about 1.0–1.8 wt.% in the determined optimal conditions. Thus, the enhanced recovery of the residual oil is advantageous not only because it allows obtaining more oil from Jatropha seed residue with a positive net energy gain but also because it prevents the formation of tar in torrefied biomass products.
