Heliyon (Jul 2023)
Palladium complexes containing NNN pincer type ligands and their activities in Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction
Abstract
Five new NNN pincer-type ligands and their palladium complexes were successfully synthesised and characterised by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV–vis analyses. TEM analysis was used to observe the morphological character of the black residues obtained from the fourth cycle of the reusability test. Furthermore, suitable crystals of the N2,N6-bis(2-tert-butylphenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide and its palladium complex were elucidated with the X-ray single crystal diffraction method. Both the ligand and its palladium complex crystallise in a monoclinic system with space group P21/c for the H2L4 and C2/c for the palladium complex. The structure of the pincer ligand and its palladium complex were stabilised by intramolecular and intermolecular C–H⋅⋅⋅O, C–H⋅⋅⋅N, and N–H⋅⋅⋅N contacts. A Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and phenylboronic acid was used to assess the catalytic abilities of the palladium pincer complexes. All of the prepared complexes exhibited considerable catalytic activity. However, complexes 4 (Acetonitrile-N2,N6-bis(2-tert-butylphenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamidopalladium(II)) and 5 (Acetonitrile-N2,N6-bis(2-nitrophenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamidopalladium(II)) provided almost 100% conversion with nearly 100% yield in the reaction between 4-bromotoluene and phenylboronic acid. Furthermore, these active complexes catalysed the reaction of the sterically hindered and deactivated substrates (1-Bromo-4-izobutylbenzene and 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene) with phenylboronic acid, and complete conversion and yields up to 100% were achieved in a short time with the 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene.
