Longitudinal Impacts of High Versus Low Greenness on Cardiovascular Disease Conditions

Abstract

Background Greenness—or vegetative presence—has been identified as a factor in chronic disease. The present study examines the longitudinal relationship between objective measures of greenness at the residential block level and incidence of 6 cardiovascular disease conditions. Methods and Results Analyses examined the impact of consistently high versus consistently low “precision” greenness at the Census block level on the 5‐year incidence of cardiovascular disease conditions, including acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and hypertension, among 229 034 US Medicare beneficiaries in Miami‐Dade County, Florida, USA. Zero‐inflated Poisson regression was used to model the odds of developing any new cardiovascular disease and number of new cardiovascular disease conditions based on greenness tertiles computed across 2011 and 2016 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values, adjusting for individual age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline cardiovascular disease conditions, neighborhood income, and walkability in 2011 and 2016. When compared with individuals consistently in the low greenness tertile in 2011 and 2016, those consistently in the high greenness tertile in 2011 and 2016 had a 9% lower odds of having any new cardiovascular conditions (odds ratio [OR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84–0.99]; P=0.021). Conclusions Over a 5‐year period, consistently high greenness, when compared with consistently low greenness, was associated with lower odds of any new cardiovascular disease conditions. Identifying the role of greenness exposure in such a small geographic area, the Census block on which the older adult resides, allows for more precise, strategic decisions on where additional trees can be added—by selecting at‐risk blocks rather than entire neighborhoods for tree‐planting interventions.

Keywords

• environment
• green space
• heart disease
• neighborhood greenness
• prevention