Metabolic Transformation of Gentiopicrin, a Liver Protective Active Ingredient, Based on Intestinal Bacteria
Jie Fu,
Hang Yu,
Qinglan Guo,
Yanan Wang,
Hui Xu,
Jinyue Lu,
Jiachun Hu,
Yan Wang
Affiliations
Jie Fu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Hang Yu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Qinglan Guo
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Yanan Wang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Hui Xu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Jinyue Lu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Jiachun Hu
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Yan Wang
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
Gentiopicrin, the main component of the famous Chinese patent medicine Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, has the characteristics of fast absorption in vivo and low bioavailability. Intestinal bacteria play an important role in the absorption and pharmacokinetics of oral drugs. In this study, the metabolic transformation of gentiopicrin by intestinal bacteria was examined. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MSn-IT-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used, and six metabolites were identified, including reduction products (G-M1, G-M2, G-M4, and G-M6), a hydrolytic product (G-M3), and a dehydration product (G-M5) of gentiopicrin aglycone after hydrolysis, reduction, and dehydration reactions were performed by the intestinal flora. This is the first time that chiral metabolites of gentiopicrin (G-M1 and G-M2) were found in this study. In addition, the precursors of glucuronic acid conjugates previously reported in vivo may have come from the intestinal bacterial metabolites G-M1, G-M2, and G-M3. In addition, the metabolic transformation of gentiopicrin in liver microsomes was studied in vitro, and it was found that gentiopicrin did not undergo metabolic transformation under the action of liver microsomes. It is suggested that gentiopicroside may be metabolized in the intestine. This study provides both new insight regarding the investigation of effective substances and an exploration of the pharmacodynamic and toxicological properties of gentiopicrin.
