Antifungal Constituents of <i>Piper crocatum</i> and Their Activities as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors Discovered via In Silico Study Using ADMET and Drug-Likeness Analysis

Abstract

Along with the increasing resistance of Candida spp. to some antibiotics, it is necessary to find new antifungal drugs, one of which is from the medicinal plant Red Betel (Piper crocatum). The purpose of this research is to isolate antifungal constituents from P. crocatum and evaluate their activities as ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors via an in silico study of ADMET and drug-likeness analysis. Two new active compounds 1 and 2 and a known compound 3 were isolated, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, while their bioactivities were evaluated via in vitro and in silico studies, respectively. Antifungal compound 3 was the most active compared to 1 and 2 with zone inhibition values of 14.5, 11.9, and 13.0 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10% w/v, together with MIC/MFC at 0.31/1.2% w/v. Further in silico study demonstrated that compound 3 had a stronger ΔG than the positive control and compounds 1 and 2 with −11.14, −12.78, −12.00, and −6.89 Kcal/mol against ERG1, ERG2, ERG11, and ERG24, respectively, and also that 3 had the best Ki with 6.8 × 10−3, 4 × 10−4, 1.6 × 10−3, and 8.88 μM. On the other hand, an ADMET analysis of 1–3 met five parameters, while 1 had one violation of Ro5. Based on the research data, the promising antifungal constituents of P. crocatum allow P. crocatum to be proposed as a new antifungal candidate to treat and cure infections due to C. albicans.

Keywords

• <i>Piper crocatum</i>
• antifungal
• ergosterol
• ADMET
• drug-likeness analysis