A Multilevel Study of Eupatorin and Scutellarein as Anti-Amyloid Agents in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Today, Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the most common neurodegenerative disorder, which affects 50 million people—remains incurable. Several studies suggest that one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD is the accumulation of abnormal amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates; therefore, many therapeutic approaches focus on anti-Aβ aggregation inhibitors. Taking into consideration that plant-derived secondary metabolites seem to have neuroprotective effects, we attempted to assess the effects of two flavones—eupatorin and scutellarein—on the amyloidogenesis of Aβ peptides. Biophysical experimental methods were employed to inspect the aggregation process of Aβ after its incubation with each natural product, while we monitored their interactions with the oligomerized Aβ through molecular dynamics simulations. More importantly, we validated our in vitro and in silico results in a multicellular organismal model—namely, Caenorhabditis elegans—and we concluded that eupatorin is indeed able to delay the amyloidogenesis of Aβ peptides in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, we propose that further investigation could lead to the exploitation of eupatorin or its analogues as potential drug candidates.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• amyloid beta peptide
• natural products
• eupatorin
• scutellarein
• model organism