A Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of Dynamic Fracture Characteristics of Rock Specimens with Preexisting Surface Flaws

Abstract

FEM-based numerical investigation was conducted to investigate the fracture characteristics of heterogeneous rocks with preexisting surface flaws under dynamic loadings. Different types of cracks from initiation to coalescence of the specimen with a single flaw were reproduced in numerical tests, which were very highly agreed with experimental results. Numerical testing on specimens with a single flaw demonstrated that the crack behaviors, including its path, length, and cracking velocity, were significantly different on the surface of and inside the rock specimen. In addition, the higher the incident pressure level applied, the longer the cracking distance propagated; the more the AE count is, the larger the AE energy released and the greater the fragmentized. Furthermore, the cutting depth of flaw could significantly affect crack propagation patterns and AE characteristics. When the cutting depth of flaw is equal to the thickness of the specimen, there would be no shell-like crack emerged. Subsequently, testing results of the multi-preexisting flaws indicated that the surface flaws on the specimen made the crack initiation and coalescence behaviors more complicated. The coalescence between flaw tips is not easy, and the coalescence of preexisting flaws needs two or multiple cracks to achieve. The coalescence points occurred not only in the preexisting flaw but also in the trajectory of the wing cracks and antiwing cracks. The accumulative AE energy and AE counts are positively correlated with the amounts of preexisting flaws. Finally, crack evolution under dynamic and static loading was compared. Short tensile cracks are found to be the most common crack type, which are responsible for specimen failure. These findings could give a better explanation on the crack initiation and propagation of rock specimen with preexisting flaw, which is the phenomenon that has not been observed in many dynamic experiments.