European reclassification of non-invasive brain stimulation as class III medical devices: A call to action

• Chris Baeken,
• Martijn Arns,
• Jerome Brunelin,
• Lorena Chanes,
• Igor Filipcic,
• Ana Ganho-Ávila,
• Marco Hirnstein,
• Fady Rachid,
• Alexander T. Sack,
• Jacinta O'shea,
• Giordano D'urso,
• Andrea Antal

Affiliations

Chris Baeken

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium; Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

Martijn Arns

Research Institute Brainclinics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Jerome Brunelin

CH Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, PSYR2, F-69500, Bron, France

Lorena Chanes

Department of Clinical and Health Psychology-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Serra Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain

Igor Filipcic

Psychiatric Hospital ''Sveti Ivan'', Zagreb, Croatia

Ana Ganho-Ávila

Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal

Marco Hirnstein

Department of biological and medical psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Fady Rachid

Private Practice, 7, place de la Fusterie, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland

Alexander T. Sack

Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), the Netherlands

Jacinta O'shea

Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK

Giordano D'urso

Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Andrea Antal

Corresponding author.; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany