White and Brown Rot Fungal Decay Resistance of Epoxy Composite Modified with Nanocellulose and Tetraethoxysilane
Norul Hisham Hamid,
Mirratul Mukminah Junedi,
Shahlinney Lipeh,
Mohammad Jawaid,
Norasikin Ahmad Ludin,
Ummi Hani Abdullah,
Ahmad Azfar Daniel
Affiliations
Norul Hisham Hamid
Department of Wood and Fibre Industry, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; Biocomposite Unit, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 42400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
Mirratul Mukminah Junedi
Department of Wood and Fibre Industry, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; Biocomposite Unit, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 42400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
Shahlinney Lipeh
Wood Mycology Laboratory, Biodeterioration Unit, Product Development Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohammad Jawaid
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
Norasikin Ahmad Ludin
Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Ummi Hani Abdullah
Department of Wood and Fibre Industry, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; Biocomposite Unit, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 42400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
Ahmad Azfar Daniel
Department of Wood and Fibre Industry, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia; Biocomposite Unit, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry & Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 42400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
The resistance of epoxy composite modified with nanocellulose and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to decay by white rot (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot (Coniophora puteana) fungi was investigated using EN 113 (1996) as the guideline. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of TEOS as a cross-linked agent in epoxy/nanocellulose composite, and its resistance against white rot and brown rot fungi. The epoxy resin was mixed with 10 wt% nanocellulose. The other three sets were prepared the same, but with the addition of 1%, 2%, and 3% TEOS for each set. All types of epoxy composites were air dried in a mold at ambient temperature for seven days followed by oven drying at 80 °C for 30 min. The composites were oven dried at 103 °C, sterilized, and exposed to the fungi at 22 °C for 16 weeks. It was found that the use of 1% to 3% TEOS in the composite reduced the percent weight loss following decay by T. versicolor, but not in the case of C. puteana. Overall, all types of the composite in this study were classified as highly durable and durable against the T. versicolor and C. puteana respectively. The surface and structure of all types of composites were still intact after 16 weeks of exposure period.
