Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (Nov 2021)
Nutrition, atherosclerosis, arterial imaging, cardiovascular risk stratification, and manifestations in COVID-19 framework: a narrative review
- Smiksha Munjral,
- Puneet Ahluwalia,
- Ankush D. Jamthikar,
- Anudeep Puvvula,
- Luca Saba,
- Gavino Faa,
- Inder M Singh,
- Paramjit S. Chadha,
- Monika Turk,
- Amer M. Johri,
- Narendra N Khanna,
- Klaudija Viskovic,
- Sophie Mavrogeni,
- John R Laird,
- Gyan Pareek,
- Martin Miner,
- David W. Sobel,
- Antonella Balestrieri,
- Petros P Sfikakis,
- George Tsoulfas,
- Athanasios Protogerou,
- Prasanna Misra,
- Vikas Agarwal,
- George D. Kitas,
- Raghu Kolluri,
- Jagjit Teji,
- Mustafa Al-Maini,
- Surinder K. Dhanjil,
- Meyypan Sockalingam,
- Ajit Saxena,
- Aditya Sharma,
- Vijay Rathore,
- Mostafa Fatemi,
- Azra Alizad,
- Vijay Viswanathan,
- P K Krishnan,
- Tomaz Omerzu,
- Subbaram Naidu,
- Andrew Nicolaides,
- Jasjit S. Suri
Affiliations
- Smiksha Munjral
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Puneet Ahluwalia
- Max Institute of Cancer Care, Max Superspeciality Hospital, 110058 New Delhi, India
- Ankush D. Jamthikar
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Anudeep Puvvula
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, AOU of Cagliari, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Inder M Singh
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Paramjit S. Chadha
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Monika Turk
- The Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, 27749 Delmenhorst, Germany
- Amer M. Johri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L, Canada
- Narendra N Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, 110001 New Delhi, India
- Klaudija Viskovic
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Crotia
- Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Clinic, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 106 71 Athens, Greece
- John R Laird
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health St. Helena, St Helena, CA 94574, USA
- Gyan Pareek
- Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
- Martin Miner
- Men’s Health Center, Miriam Hospital Providence, RI 02903, USA
- David W. Sobel
- Minimally Invasive Urology Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
- Antonella Balestrieri
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Petros P Sfikakis
- Rheumatology Unit, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 71 Athens, Greece
- George Tsoulfas
- Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki, 546 30 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Athanasios Protogerou
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 71 Athens, Greece
- Prasanna Misra
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, 226018 Lucknow, UP, India
- Vikas Agarwal
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, 226018 Lucknow, UP, India
- George D. Kitas
- Academic Affairs, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, DY2 8 Dudley, UK
- Raghu Kolluri
- OhioHealth Heart and Vascular, OH 43311, USA
- Jagjit Teji
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60629, USA
- Mustafa Al-Maini
- Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Institute, Toronto, ON M5H, Canada
- Surinder K. Dhanjil
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- Meyypan Sockalingam
- MV Center of Diabetes, 600003 Bangalore, India
- Ajit Saxena
- Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, 110001 New Delhi, India
- Aditya Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Vijay Rathore
- Nephrology Department, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA 95823, USA
- Mostafa Fatemi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engg., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN 55441, USA
- Azra Alizad
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, MN 55441, USA
- Vijay Viswanathan
- MV Hospital for Diabetes and Professor MVD Research Centre, 600003 Chennai, India
- P K Krishnan
- Neurology Department, Fortis Hospital, 562123 Bangalore, India
- Tomaz Omerzu
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Subbaram Naidu
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
- Andrew Nicolaides
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, 999058 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Jasjit S. Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPointTM, Roseville, CA 95678, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.52586/5026
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 26,
no. 11
pp. 1312 – 1339
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several risk factors lead to atherosclerosis, and altered nutrition is one among those. Nutrition has been ignored quite often in the process of CVD risk assessment. Altered nutrition along with carotid ultrasound imaging-driven atherosclerotic plaque features can help in understanding and banishing the problems associated with the late diagnosis of CVD. Artificial intelligence (AI) is another promisingly adopted technology for CVD risk assessment and management. Therefore, we hypothesize that the risk of atherosclerotic CVD can be accurately monitored using carotid ultrasound imaging, predicted using AI-based algorithms, and reduced with the help of proper nutrition. Layout: The review presents a pathophysiological link between nutrition and atherosclerosis by gaining a deep insight into the processes involved at each stage of plaque development. After targeting the causes and finding out results by low-cost, user-friendly, ultrasound-based arterial imaging, it is important to (i) stratify the risks and (ii) monitor them by measuring plaque burden and computing risk score as part of the preventive framework. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based strategies are used to provide efficient CVD risk assessments. Finally, the review presents the role of AI for CVD risk assessment during COVID-19. Conclusions: By studying the mechanism of low-density lipoprotein formation, saturated and trans fat, and other dietary components that lead to plaque formation, we demonstrate the use of CVD risk assessment due to nutrition and atherosclerosis disease formation during normal and COVID times. Further, nutrition if included, as a part of the associated risk factors can benefit from atherosclerotic disease progression and its management using AI-based CVD risk assessment.
Keywords
- nutrition
- atherosclerosis
- cvd
- arterial imaging
- carotid
- ultrasound
- artificial intelligence
- risk stratification
- treatment
- covid-19
- plaque tissue charac-terization
