Evaluation of The Efficacy of Therapeutic Ultrasound, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), one of the most common causes of chronic orofacial pain is caused by the dysfunction of the various components of the temporomandibular joint and often require the use of non-invasive physical therapeutic modalities for its management. The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of plain therapeutic ultrasound (Th US), transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS therapy) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the management of TMD.

Keywords

• temporomandibular joint disorders
• orofacial pain
• photobiomodulation therapy
• visual analogue pain scale
• therapeutic ultrasound