Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE): A New, Green and Renewable Solvent for the Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Waste Products
Aurel Diacon,
Ioan Călinescu,
Mircea Vinatoru,
Petre Chipurici,
Alexandru Vlaicu,
Aurelian Cristian Boscornea,
Timothy J. Mason
Affiliations
Aurel Diacon
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Ioan Călinescu
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Mircea Vinatoru
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Petre Chipurici
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Alexandru Vlaicu
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Aurelian Cristian Boscornea
Bioresources and Polymer Science Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
Timothy J. Mason
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
Currently there is a drive towards the minimisation and reclamation of valuable materials from the waste products of the food and beverage industry. This can be achieved through the extraction of residual nutraceuticals from such materials. Tomato pomace contains carotenoids and other chemicals which can be extracted directly into edible oils to improve the health-giving properties of such oils. We report here a novel green solvent, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), which is significantly more effective than sunflower oil and hexane for the extraction of lycopene and beta-carotene from tomato skin waste. FAEE are a non-toxic renewable resource that is environmentally friendly and to our knowledge has never been used as a vegetal extraction fluid. The efficiency of FAEE extraction was significantly improved relative to both sunflower oil and hexane under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions. In addition, FAEE have the additional and significant advantage that once enriched with the extracted nutraceuticals can be used directly as a food additive.
