Clinical Features and Disease Course of Primary Angioedema Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract

Amalie Hartvig Pall,1 Anne Fog Lomholt,1 Christian von Buchwald,1 Anette Bygum,2– 4 Eva Rye Rasmussen1,2 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2OPEN – Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; 3Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark; 4Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, DenmarkCorrespondence: Amalie Hartvig PallDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, Copenhagen 2100, DenmarkEmail [email protected]: To give a better understanding of primary AE, the clinical characteristics and the possible therapeutic approaches.Background: Angioedema (AE) is a non-pitting, non-itching swelling of skin or mucosa. The symptom can become life-threatening if located in the airways. Primary (monosymptomatic) AE is a manifestation of several different diseases and the diagnosis is not always straight-forward. The aetiological and pathophysiological factors of primary AE are not completely clarified. There is a need for further investigation.Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients referred to an outpatient dermatology clinic in a tertiary care hospital for clinical assessment due to primary AE in the period from 1996 to 2014.Results: A total of 315 patients were identified with primary AE. The most frequent subtype was idiopathic AE (42.5%) and the second most common was angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitor (ACEi)-induced AE (31.1%). Three patients were diagnosed with hereditary AE and one patient was diagnosed with acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. At least 107 (34.0%) patients had established histaminergic AE. More than 1/3 of the patients were treated in an emergency room or hospitalized due to AE. A 98.1% of patients had experienced AE in the head and neck area. Seven patients were in the need of acute airway intervention. Six of these had ACEi-induced AE. Female sex and smoking were found to be risk factors for developing AE.Conclusion: The most frequent diagnoses were histaminergic-, non-histaminergic idiopathic AE and ACEi-induced AE, whereas complement C1-inhibitor deficiency was rare. Histaminergic AE made up a substantial group of patients with primary AE. Even though there are different pathophysiological causes of AE, many cases have overlapping clinical manifestations, which make diagnosis and treatment difficult.Keywords: primary angioedema, urticaria, hereditary angioedema, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, bradykinin

Keywords

• primary angioedema
• urticaria
• hereditary angioedema
• angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
• bradykinin