Isoindigo–Thiophene D–A–D–Type Conjugated Polymers: Electrosynthesis and Electrochromic Performances

Abstract

Four novel isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type precursors are synthesized by Stille coupling and electrosynthesized to yield corresponding hybrid polymers with favorable electrochemical and electrochromic performances. Intrinsic structure–property relationships of precursors and corresponding polymers, including surface morphology, band gaps, electrochemical properties, and electrochromic behaviors, are systematically investigated. The resultant isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type polymer combines the merits of isoindigo and polythiophene, including the excellent stability of isoindigo–based polymers and the extraordinary electrochromic stability of polythiophene. The low onset oxidation potential of precursors ranges from 1.10 to 1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, contributing to the electrodeposition of high–quality polymer films. Further kinetic studies illustrate that isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type polymers possess favorable electrochromic performances, including high optical contrast (53%, 1000 nm), fast switching time (0.8 s), and high coloration efficiency (124 cm2 C−1). These features of isoindigo–thiophene D–A–D–type conjugated polymers could provide a possibility for rational design and application as electrochromic materials.

Keywords

• isoindigo
• thiophene
• donor–acceptor–donor polymers
• electrochromic
• electrosynthesis