Burden of cardiometabolic risk factors and preclinical target organ damage among adults in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a community-based health-screening survey
Sorie Conteh,
Santigie Sesay,
Sulaiman Lakoh,
Joseph Sam Kanu,
James Baligeh Walter Russell,
Theresa Ruba Koroma,
Sallieu Kabay Samura,
Ansumana Bockarie,
Onome Thomas Abir,
Joshua Coker,
Abdul Jalloh,
Victor Conteh,
Mohamed Smith,
Othman Z Mahdi,
Durodami R Lisk
Affiliations
Sorie Conteh
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Santigie Sesay
Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Sulaiman Lakoh
College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Joseph Sam Kanu
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
James Baligeh Walter Russell
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Theresa Ruba Koroma
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Sallieu Kabay Samura
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Ansumana Bockarie
School of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Onome Thomas Abir
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Joshua Coker
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Abdul Jalloh
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Victor Conteh
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Mohamed Smith
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Othman Z Mahdi
Department of Internal Medicine, Choithrams Memorial Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Durodami R Lisk
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine And Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Objective To investigate the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs), target organ damage (TOD) and its associated factors among adults in Freetown, Sierra Leone.Design This community-based cross-sectional study used a stratified multistage random sampling method to recruit adult participants.Setting The health screening study was conducted between October 2019 and October 2021 in Western Area Urban, Sierra Leone.Participants A total of 2394 adult Sierra Leoneans aged 20 years or older were enrolled.Outcome measure Anthropometric data, fasting lipid profiles, fasting plasma glucose, TOD, clinical profiles and demographic characteristics of participants were described. The cardiometabolic risks were further related to TOD.Results The prevalence of known CMRFs was 35.3% for hypertension, 8.3% for diabetes mellitus, 21.1% for dyslipidaemia, 10.0% for obesity, 13.4% for smoking and 37.9% for alcohol. Additionally, 16.1% had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by ECG, 14.2% had LVH by two-dimensional echo and 11.4% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The odds of developing ECG-LVH were higher with diabetes (OR=1.255, 95% CI (0.822 to 1.916) and dyslipidaemia (OR=1.449, 95% CI (0.834 to 2.518). Associated factors for higher odds of Left Ventricular Mass Index by echo were dyslipidaemia (OR=1.844, 95% CI (1.006 to 3.380)) and diabetes mellitus (OR=1.176, 95% CI (0.759 to 1.823)). The odds of having CKD were associated with diabetes mellitus (OR=1.212, 95% CI (0.741 to 1.983)) and hypertension (OR=1.163, 95% CI (0.887 to 1.525)). A low optimal cut-off point for ECG-LVH (male 24.5 mm vs female 27.5 mm) was required to maximise sensitivity and specificity by a receiver operating characteristics curve since the odds for LVH by ECG were low.Conclusions This study provides novel data-driven information on the burden of CMRF and its association with preclinical TOD in a resource-limited setting. It illustrates the need for interventions in improving cardiometabolic health screening and management in Sierra Leonean.
