Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: PERK as a potential target for intervention

Abstract

Several studies have shown that activation of unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in severe cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Autophagy occurs within hours after cerebral ischemia, but the relationship between ER stress and autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we established experimental models using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in PC12 cells and primary neurons to simulate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We found that prolongation of oxygen-glucose deprivation activated the ER stress pathway protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), increased neuronal apoptosis, and induced autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of ER stress using inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown of the PERK gene significantly attenuated excessive autophagy and neuronal apoptosis, indicating an interaction between autophagy and ER stress and suggesting PERK as an essential target for regulating autophagy. Blocking autophagy with chloroquine exacerbated ER stress-induced apoptosis, indicating that normal levels of autophagy play a protective role in neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Findings from this study indicate that cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury can trigger neuronal ER stress and promote autophagy, and suggest that PERK is a possible target for inhibiting excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Keywords

• apoptosis
• atf4
• autophagy
• c/ebp homologous protein
• cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
• eif2α
• endoplasmic reticulum stress
• perk