Invasive Treatment of Lower Limb Varicose Veins - Comparison of Treatment Methods

Abstract

Introduction and objective: Varicose veins in the lower extremities are a clinical manifestation of chronic venous disease. The condition is highly prevalent, with incidence increasing with age. Varicose veins are often accompanied by pain, and neglecting treatment can lead to complications such as superficial vein inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, and, most critically, pulmonary embolism. The primary aim of this study was to analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of available contemporary invasive methods for treating varicose veins in the lower extremities. Additionally, this paper addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation of chronic venous insufficiency. Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. Keywords included: ‘varicose veins of the lower limbs’; ‘spider veins’; ‘EVLT (endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein and great saphenous vein)’; ‘sclerotherapy’; ‘diode laser’; ‘varicose vein surgeries of the lower limbs’. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous methods for treating lower limb varicose veins are available. Among all treatment options, minimally invasive procedures using laser technology, steam, or radiofrequency waves are the most common. These procedures have been successfully performed for many years, with an estimated effectiveness of approximately 90% over a five-year observation period. Summary: Despite the high prevalence and complex pathophysiological mechanisms of varicose veins in the lower extremities, current treatment methods allow for a satisfactory therapeutic outcome in most patients.

Keywords

• varicose veins of the lower limbs
• spider veins
• EVLT (endovenous laser treatment)
• sclerotherapy
• diode laser
• endovascular surgery