Environmental Advances (Jul 2024)
Black carbon and PM0.49 characterization in manila north harbour port, Metro Manila, Philippines
Abstract
Globalization and industrialization have increased the shipping activities in Metro Manila. This increase in economic activity has contributed to the exacerbation of atmospheric particle pollution, particularly black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM). In this study, PM0.49 and BC were characterized in North Harbour in Metro Manila, Philippines. Using a multiple-split high-volume cascade impactor, PM0.49 and PM2.5 were collected from December 2019 to January 2020. Equivalent BC (eBC) mass concentrations were measured using an aethalometer (AE33, Magee Scientific) while chemical analysis was also performed using ion chromatography. The PM0.49 was tested for its morphological and mineralogical characteristics. Daily analysis showed no significant difference between the weekday and weekend pollution concentration in the port, although mean concentration (70 ± 21 μg/m3) exceeds that of the 24-hr Philippine air quality guideline value of 50 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentrations. The particle compositions of PM0.49 are mostly from Si-rich particles and Pb-rich particles. High variability was observed for Mg, Si, Ca, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mn, S, Cl, V, and Cr heavy metals. The carbonaceous species with the highest concentration was organic carbon (OC) (33 ± 9 μg/m3) followed by BC (16 ± 3 μg/m3) and eBC (12 ± 3 μg/m3). An analysis of the ionic species showed SOX and NOX emissions as the primary ions, which are mostly related to ship emissions while the mineralogical analysis showed that soot particles are the main composition of the particles. Overall, the pollution assessment showed that North Harbour is polluted with heavy metals but within the Philippine air quality pollutant standard. In brief, the results of this study suggest that atmospheric pollution in the study site was mostly caused by local anthropogenic sources, particularly vessel emissions. The researchers suggest that a longer study period be conducted to further assess the seasonal variation of atmospheric particle pollution in North Harbour, Metro Manila.
