Smelling the difference: separation of healthy and infected button mushrooms via microbial volatile organic compounds

Abstract

In the literature there is a lack of consensus regarding mushroom volatiles; most of the studies identify only a few volatiles. This study deals with button mushrooms, their emitted volatiles, and the main changes during infections (green mould and cobweb disease) in a time series experiment. Emitted volatile profiles were determined using HS-SPME-GC-MS coupled analytical technique. The separation of healthy and infected mushroom samples was done using different multivariate statistical methods (PCA, PLS-DA, HeatMap). The main volatile compounds were also determined. As a result, several compounds were found to successfully distinguish healthy (bisabolene, cymene, myrtenol, d-limonene, etc.) and infected (thujopsene, cedr-8-ene, chamigrene, patchulane, longifolene, etc.), mushroom samples, and an early disease detection was achieved. Results can be used for further investigation of infected mushroom identification in an early stage in packaged mushroom products. Furthermore, these results could help to identify infections in commercially available mushrooms, thus increasing shelf-life in super/hypermarkets.

Keywords

• HS-SPME (head space-solid-phase microextraction)
• GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)
• Agaricus bisporus
• Trichoderma aggressivum (green mould disease)
• Dactylium dendroides (cobweb disease)
• Multivariate statistical methods