韩国2型糖尿病患者谷氨酸升高与纤溶酶原水平升高有关

Abstract

Abstract Background Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter, although it causes cytotoxicity and inflammation in nonneuronal organs. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic disorders in which glutamate, associated with type 2 diabetes onset, is induced in the liver. Methods An analysis of Korean community‐based Ansan‐Ansung cohort study data as well as functional research using in vitro and mouse models were performed. Results Groups with high plasma glutamate levels (T2, T3) had a significantly increased risk of diabetes incidence after 8 years, compared to the group with relatively low glutamate levels (T1). Analysis of the effect of glutamate on diabetes onset in vitro showed that glutamate induces insulin resistance by increasing glucose‐related protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression in SK‐Hep‐1 human liver cells. In addition, three different genes, FRMB4B, PLG, and PARD3, were significantly associated with glutamate and were identified via genome‐wide association studies. Among glutamate‐related genes, plasminogen (PLG) levels were most significantly increased in several environments in which insulin resistance was induced, and was also upregulated by glutamate. Glutamate‐induced increase in PLG in liver cells was caused by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation, and PLG levels were also upregulated after extracellular secretion. Moreover, glutamate increased the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1). Thus, extracellular secreted PLG cannot be converted to plasmin (fibrinolytic enzyme) by increased PAI‐1. Conclusions Increased glutamate is closely associated with the development of diabetes, and it may cause metabolic disorders by inhibiting the fibrinolytic system, which plays an important role in determining blood clots, a hallmark of diabetes.

Keywords

• 谷氨酸
• 韩国基因组和流行病学研究
• 代谢性谷氨酸受体5
• 纤溶酶原
• 纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂‐1
• 2型糖尿病