Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
Clinical Nutrition Department, Applied Medical Sciences College, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
Zaki H. Hakami
Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, MS, CT (ASCP), PhD, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad Alsulimani
Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, MS, CT (ASCP), PhD, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Jean-Marc Sabatier
Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
Marwa W. Eid
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
Hazem M. Shaheen
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
Ali A. Mohammed
Consultant Respiratory & General Physician, The Chest Clinic, Barts Health NHS Trust Whipps Cross University Hospital, London E11 1NR, UK
Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
Michel De Waard
Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, 38120 Saint-Egrève, France
Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In terms of the diagnosis of lung cancer, combination carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) detection had higher sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios than CEA detection alone. Most individuals with elevated serum CA125 levels had lung cancer that was either in stage 3 or stage 4. Serum CA125 levels were similarly elevated in lung cancer patients who also had pleural effusions or ascites. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that human lung cancer produces CA125 in vitro, which suggests that other clinical illnesses outside of ovarian cancer could also be responsible for the rise of CA125. MUC16 (CA125) is a natural killer cell inhibitor. As a screening test for lung and ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis in the early stages, CA125 has been widely used as a marker in three different clinical settings. MUC16 mRNA levels in lung cancer are increased regardless of gender. As well, increased expression of mutated MUC16 enhances lung cancer cells proliferation and growth. Additionally, the CA125 serum level is thought to be a key indicator for lung cancer metastasis to the liver. Further, CA125 could be a useful biomarker in other cancer types diagnoses like ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancers. One of the important limitations of CA125 as a first step in such a screening technique is that up to 20% of ovarian tumors lack antigen expression. Each of the 10 possible serum markers was expressed in 29–100% of ovarian tumors with minimal or no CA125 expression. Therefore, there is a controversy regarding CA125 in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer and other cancer types. In this state, preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical benefit of CA125 in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer.
