High baseball loads induce shoulder and elbow injuries among high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study

Abstract

Abstract Studies on the relationship between baseball loads (practice, training, and competition hours) and shoulder and elbow injuries among high school pitchers are limited. Therefore, this study included 92 male high school baseball pitchers and evaluated their preseason shoulder and elbow conditions. All participants completed a self-recorded questionnaire regarding baseball load, presence of shoulder pain or elbow pain, or both, and pitching limitations due to shoulder and/or elbow pain experienced daily to determine the occurrence of injuries and record the baseball load. The optimal load cutoff value was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Participants were categorized into high-load and low-load groups according to the aforementioned cutoff value. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to obtain time-to-event curves, and cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios for injury rates. The cutoff value of the average baseball load was 324.4 min per day. A high load (> 5.5 h/day) led to a 2.6-times greater risk of injuries and 3.3-times earlier occurrence of injuries than a low load (< 5.5 h/day). Therefore, a high load is a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers.