Direct and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine Using Carbon Quantum Dots Based Refractive Index Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor
Faten Bashar Kamal Eddin,
Yap Wing Fen,
Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi,
Wan Mohd Ebtisyam Mustaqim Mohd Daniyal,
Nur Alia Sheh Omar,
Muhammad Fahmi Anuar,
Hazwani Suhaila Hashim,
Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini,
Huda Abdullah
Affiliations
Faten Bashar Kamal Eddin
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Yap Wing Fen
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi
Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Wan Mohd Ebtisyam Mustaqim Mohd Daniyal
Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Nur Alia Sheh Omar
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Muhammad Fahmi Anuar
Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Hazwani Suhaila Hashim
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini
Magneto-Plasmonic Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
Huda Abdullah
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
Abnormality of dopamine (DA), a vital neurotransmitter in the brain’s neuronal pathways, causes several neurological diseases. Rapid and sensitive sensors for DA detection are required for early diagnosis of such disorders. Herein, a carbon quantum dot (CQD)-based refractive index surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was designed. The sensor performance was evaluated for various concentrations of DA. Increasing DA levels yielded blue-shifted SPR dips. The experimental findings revealed an excellent sensitivity response of 0.138°/pM in a linear range from 0.001 to 100 pM and a high binding affinity of 6.234 TM−1. The effects of varied concentrations of DA on the optical characteristics of CQD thin film were further proved theoretically. Increased DA levels decreased the thickness and real part of the refractive index of CQD film, according to fitting results. Furthermore, the observed reduction in surface roughness using AFM demonstrated that DA was bound to the sensor layer. This, in turn, explained the blue shift in SPR reflectance curves. This optical sensor offers great potential as a trustworthy solution for direct measurement due to its simple construction, high sensitivity, and other sensing features.
