Evolution of Oxygen–Ion and Proton Conductivity in Ca-Doped Ln₂Zr₂O₇ (Ln = Sm, Gd), Located Near Pyrochlore–Fluorite Phase Boundary

Abstract

Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) and Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) mixed oxides in a pyrochlore−fluorite morphotropic phase region were prepared via the mechanical activation of oxide mixtures, followed by annealing at 1600 °C. The structure of the solid solutions was studied by X-ray diffraction and refined by the Rietveld method, water content was determined by thermogravimetry (TG), their bulk and grain-boundary conductivity was determined by impedance spectroscopy in dry and wet air (100−900 °C), and their total conductivity was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the temperature range: 700−950 °C. The Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) pyrochlore solid solutions, lying near the morphotropic phase boundary, have proton conductivity contribution both in the grain bulk and on grain boundaries below 600 °C, and pure oxygen−ion conductivity above 700 °C. The 500 °C proton conductivity contribution of Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) is ~ 1 × 10−4 S/cm. The fluorite-like Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.1) solid solution has oxygen-ion bulk conductivity in entire temperature range studied, whereas proton transport contributes to its grain-boundary conductivity below 700 °C. As a result, of the morphotropic phase transition from pyrochlore Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) to fluorite-like Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1), the bulk proton conductivity disappears and oxygen-ion conductivity decreases. The loss of bulk proton conductivity of Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) can be associated with the fluorite structure formation. It is important to note that the degree of Ca substitution in such solid solutions (Ln2−xCax)Zr2O7−δ (Ln = Sm, Gd) is low, x < 0.1. In both series, grain-boundary conductivity usually exceeds bulk conductivity. The high grain-boundary proton conductivity of Ln2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (Ln = Sm, Gd; x = 0.1) is attributable to the formation of an intergranular CaZrO3-based cubic perovskite phase doped with Sm or Gd in Zr sublattice.

Keywords

• pyrochlore
• pyrochlore–fluorite morphotropic phase region
• proton conductivity
• oxygen—ion conductivity
• grain-boundary conductivity
• thermogravimetry
• Rietveld refinement