Removal of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (HABs) from contaminated local park lake using Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets
Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah,
Anggita Rahmi Hafsari,
Malini Elango,
Zul Ilham,
Febri Doni,
Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar,
Yusufjon Gafforov,
Yong Jie Wong,
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud,
Nor Hidayah Ismail,
Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof,
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
Affiliations
Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
Anggita Rahmi Hafsari
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Malini Elango
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
Zul Ilham
Biomass Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Febri Doni
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Malaysia; Corresponding author.
Yusufjon Gafforov
Central Asian Center for Development Studies, New Uzbekistan University, 100000, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Yong Jie Wong
Department of Bioenvironmental Design, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
Nor Hidayah Ismail
Research Grant Management Division, Department of Research Management, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof
Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Corresponding author. Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
Eutrophication and hypereutrophication in lakes foster harmful blue-green algal blooms, which pose a significant threat to the ecological health of freshwater reservoirs. This study investigated the effectiveness of the bio-flocculation approach using the Ganoderma lucidum fungus strain BGF4A1 to remove these harmful blooms, specifically targeting cyanobacterial species like Microcystis PCC-7914. Key flocculation parameters, cyanobacterial concentrations, adsorption kinetics, and pellet morphology were explored in this research. Our results demonstrate that G. lucidum can effectively remove up to 93.70 % of cyanobacteria (measured as chlorophyll-a absorbance), 75.28 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 92.09 % of total suspended solids (TSS) under optimal conditions: an initial pH of 4, 1 % fungal volume (w/v), 48 h of contact time, and 100 rpm agitation at room temperature. Microscopic examination of water samples before and after treatment confirmed a significant reduction in cyanobacterial colonies, indicating the death or decline of the targeted organisms. Morphological analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that Microcystis cells were deposited on the hyphae of the G. lucidum pellets, in contrast to the smooth surface of control pellets. These novel culture technologies show great promise as bio-flocculating agents for removing blue-green algae and potentially be adapted for microalgae harvesting in biodiesel production.
