Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract ameliorates lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by attenuating the hedgehog signaling pathway via regulation of miR-124 expression

Abstract

Abstract Background Sedum sarmentosum is traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China. It has protective effects against acute liver injury, but the exact mechanism of such effects remains unclear. This study investigated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice and the mechanism of such effects. Methods Mice were randomly divided into control, treatment, model, and model treatment groups. Acute liver injury was induced in model mice via intraperitoneal injection of LPS and D-GalN with doses of 10 μg/kg of LPS and 500 mg/kg, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of miR-124, Hedgehog, Patched (Ptch), Smoothened (Smo), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) in liver tissues were determined through RT-PCR, and the protein levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, IkB-α, p-IkB-α, and NF-kB65 were evaluated via Western blot analysis. The serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and ICAM-1 were determined via ELISA. TLR4 and NF-κBp65 activity and the levels of DNA-bound NF-KB65 and TLR4 in LPS/D-GalN-induced liver tissues were also determined. We recorded the time of death, plotted the survival curve, and calculated the liver index. We then observed the pathological changes in liver tissue and detected the levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]) in the serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma inflammatory factors in the liver homogenate. Afterward, we evaluated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extracts on acute liver injury in mice. Results Results showed that after S. sarmentosum extract was administered, the expression level of miR-124 increased in liver tissues. However, the protein expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, p-Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, p-IκB-α, and NF-κB65 and the mRNA expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, and Gli decreased. The MPO level in the liver, the IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and MMP-9 levels in the plasma, and the serum ALT and AST levels also decreased, thereby reducing LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and improving the survival rate of liver-damaged animals within 24 h. Conclusions S. sarmentosum extract can alleviate LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice and improve the survival rate of mice. The mechanism may be related to the increase in miR-124 expression, decrease in Hedgehog and HMGB1 signaling pathway activities, and reduction in inflammatory responses in the liver. Hedgehog is a regulatory target for miR-124.

Keywords

• Sedum sarmentosum extract
• Liver injury
• miR-124
• Hedgehog
• Inflammatory response