Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
Li Huang,
Ming Li,
Chunyan Deng,
Jiayi Qiu,
Kexin Wang,
Mengyuan Chang,
Songlin Zhou,
Yun Gu,
Yuntian Shen,
Wei Wang,
Ziwei Huang,
Hualin Sun
Affiliations
Li Huang
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Ming Li
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Binhai County People’s Hospital, Yancheng 224500, China
Chunyan Deng
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Jiayi Qiu
Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Kexin Wang
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Mengyuan Chang
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Songlin Zhou
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Yun Gu
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Yuntian Shen
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Wei Wang
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
Ziwei Huang
Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
Hualin Sun
Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical College of Nantong University, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
The maintenance of muscle homeostasis is vital for life and health. Skeletal muscle atrophy not only seriously reduces people’s quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality, but also causes a huge socioeconomic burden. To date, no effective treatment has been developed for skeletal muscle atrophy owing to an incomplete understanding of its molecular mechanisms. Exercise therapy is the most effective treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy. Unfortunately, it is not suitable for all patients, such as fractured patients and bedridden patients with nerve damage. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy is crucial for developing new therapies for skeletal muscle atrophy. In this review, PubMed was systematically screened for articles that appeared in the past 5 years about potential therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle atrophy. Herein, we summarize the roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagic-lysosomal pathway, caspases, and calpains in skeletal muscle atrophy and systematically expound the potential drug targets and therapeutic progress against skeletal muscle atrophy. This review focuses on current treatments and strategies for skeletal muscle atrophy, including drug treatment (active substances of traditional Chinese medicine, chemical drugs, antioxidants, enzyme and enzyme inhibitors, hormone drugs, etc.), gene therapy, stem cell and exosome therapy (muscle-derived stem cells, non-myogenic stem cells, and exosomes), cytokine therapy, physical therapy (electroacupuncture, electrical stimulation, optogenetic technology, heat therapy, and low-level laser therapy), nutrition support (protein, essential amino acids, creatine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and vitamin D), and other therapies (biomaterial adjuvant therapy, intestinal microbial regulation, and oxygen supplementation). Considering many treatments have been developed for skeletal muscle atrophy, we propose a combination of proper treatments for individual needs, which may yield better treatment outcomes.
