Understanding the effects of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties of layers in FAI-rich perovskite solar cells
O. V. Oyelade,
O. K. Oyewole,
Y. A. Olanrewaju,
R. Ichwani,
R. Koech,
D. O. Oyewole,
S. A. Adeniji,
D. M. Sanni,
J. Cromwell,
R. A. Ahmed,
K. Orisekeh,
V. C. Anye,
W. O. Soboyejo
Affiliations
O. V. Oyelade
Department of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
O. K. Oyewole
Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
Y. A. Olanrewaju
Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
R. Ichwani
Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
R. Koech
Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
D. O. Oyewole
Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
S. A. Adeniji
Department of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
D. M. Sanni
Department of Theoretical and Applied Physics, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
J. Cromwell
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
R. A. Ahmed
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
K. Orisekeh
Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
V. C. Anye
Department of Material Science, African University of Science and Technology, Km. 10 Airport Road, Galadimawa, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
W. O. Soboyejo
Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
This paper uses a combination of experiments and theory to study the effects of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs). We examined the mechanical (hardness and Young’s modulus), microstructural, and surface topography properties of the HOIP film at different annealing temperatures ranging from 80 to 170 °C. A mechanism-based strain gradient (MSG) theory is used to explain indentation size effects in films at different annealing temperatures. Intrinsic film yield strengths and hardness values (deduced from the MSG theory) are then shown to exhibit a Hall–Petch dependence on the inverse square root of the average grain size. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of mechanically robust perovskite solar cells.
