Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b

Abstract

We present high-resolution dayside thermal emission observations of the exoplanet KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b using the MAROON-X spectrograph. Applying the cross-correlation method with both empirical and theoretical masks and a retrieval analysis, we confirm previous detections of Fe i emission lines and we detect Ni i for the first time in the planet (at 4.7 σ confidence). We do not see evidence for additional species in the MAROON-X data, including notably predicted thermal inversion agents TiO and VO, their atomic constituents Ti i and V i , and previously claimed species Fe ii and Cr i . We also perform a joint retrieval with existing Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 spectroscopy and Spitzer/IRAC photometry. This allows us to place bounded constraints on the abundances of Fe i , H _2 O, and CO, and to place a stringent upper limit on the TiO abundance. The results are consistent with KELT-20b having a solar to slightly supersolar composition atmosphere in terms of the bulk metal enrichment, and the carbon-to-oxygen and iron-to-oxygen ratios. However, the TiO volume mixing ratio upper limit (10 ^−7.6 at 99% confidence) is inconsistent with this picture, which, along with the nondetection of Ti i , points to sequestration of Ti species, possibly due to nightside condensation. The lack of TiO but the presence of a large H _2 O emission feature in the WFC3 data is challenging to reconcile within the context of 1D self-consistent, radiative-convective models.

Keywords

• Hot Jupiters
• Exoplanet atmospheres