Atmospheric Environment: X (Apr 2021)
A European aerosol phenomenology - 7: High-time resolution chemical characteristics of submicron particulate matter across Europe
- M. Bressi,
- F. Cavalli,
- J.P. Putaud,
- R. Fröhlich,
- J.-E. Petit,
- W. Aas,
- M. Äijälä,
- A. Alastuey,
- J.D. Allan,
- M. Aurela,
- M. Berico,
- A. Bougiatioti,
- N. Bukowiecki,
- F. Canonaco,
- V. Crenn,
- S. Dusanter,
- M. Ehn,
- M. Elsasser,
- H. Flentje,
- P. Graf,
- D.C. Green,
- L. Heikkinen,
- H. Hermann,
- R. Holzinger,
- C. Hueglin,
- H. Keernik,
- A. Kiendler-Scharr,
- L. Kubelová,
- C. Lunder,
- M. Maasikmets,
- O. Makeš,
- A. Malaguti,
- N. Mihalopoulos,
- J.B. Nicolas,
- C. O'Dowd,
- J. Ovadnevaite,
- E. Petralia,
- L. Poulain,
- M. Priestman,
- V. Riffault,
- A. Ripoll,
- P. Schlag,
- J. Schwarz,
- J. Sciare,
- J. Slowik,
- Y. Sosedova,
- I. Stavroulas,
- E. Teinemaa,
- M. Via,
- P. Vodička,
- P.I. Williams,
- A. Wiedensohler,
- D.E. Young,
- S. Zhang,
- O. Favez,
- M.C. Minguillón,
- A.S.H. Prevot
Affiliations
- M. Bressi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- F. Cavalli
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy; Corresponding author.
- J.P. Putaud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- R. Fröhlich
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- J.-E. Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- W. Aas
- NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- M. Äijälä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- A. Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- J.D. Allan
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- M. Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
- M. Berico
- ENEA-National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Bologna, Italy
- A. Bougiatioti
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- N. Bukowiecki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- F. Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- V. Crenn
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- S. Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, Lille, France, France
- M. Ehn
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- M. Elsasser
- German Meteorological Service (DWD), Observatory Hohenpeissenberg, Germany
- H. Flentje
- German Meteorological Service (DWD), Observatory Hohenpeissenberg, Germany
- P. Graf
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- D.C. Green
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-HPE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
- L. Heikkinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- H. Hermann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
- R. Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- C. Hueglin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- H. Keernik
- Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Air Quality Management Department, Tallinn, Estonia
- A. Kiendler-Scharr
- Forschungzentrum Jülich, IEK-8: Troposphere, Jülich, Germany
- L. Kubelová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS V.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- C. Lunder
- NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- M. Maasikmets
- Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Air Quality Management Department, Tallinn, Estonia
- O. Makeš
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS V.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- A. Malaguti
- ENEA-National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Bologna, Italy
- N. Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- J.B. Nicolas
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- C. O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- J. Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- E. Petralia
- ENEA-National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Bologna, Italy
- L. Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
- M. Priestman
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-HPE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
- V. Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, Lille, France, France
- A. Ripoll
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- P. Schlag
- Forschungzentrum Jülich, IEK-8: Troposphere, Jülich, Germany
- J. Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS V.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- J. Sciare
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement, LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, Nicosia, Cyprus
- J. Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Y. Sosedova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- I. Stavroulas
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- E. Teinemaa
- Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Air Quality Management Department, Tallinn, Estonia
- M. Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- P. Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS V.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
- P.I. Williams
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- A. Wiedensohler
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
- D.E. Young
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- S. Zhang
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, Lille, France, France
- O. Favez
- Insitut National de L'environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- M.C. Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- A.S.H. Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Journal volume & issue
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Vol. 10
p. 100108
Abstract
Similarities and differences in the submicron atmospheric aerosol chemical composition are analyzed from a unique set of measurements performed at 21 sites across Europe for at least one year. These sites are located between 35 and 62°N and 10° W – 26°E, and represent various types of settings (remote, coastal, rural, industrial, urban). Measurements were all carried out on-line with a 30-min time resolution using mass spectroscopy based instruments known as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) and following common measurement guidelines. Data regarding organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, as well as the sum of them called non-refractory submicron aerosol mass concentration ([NR-PM1]) are discussed. NR-PM1 concentrations generally increase from remote to urban sites. They are mostly larger in the mid-latitude band than in southern and northern Europe. On average, organics account for the major part (36–64%) of NR-PM1 followed by sulfate (12–44%) and nitrate (6–35%). The annual mean chemical composition of NR-PM1 at rural (or regional background) sites and urban background sites are very similar. Considering rural and regional background sites only, nitrate contribution is higher and sulfate contribution is lower in mid-latitude Europe compared to northern and southern Europe. Large seasonal variations in concentrations (μg/m³) of one or more components of NR-PM1 can be observed at all sites, as well as in the chemical composition of NR-PM1 (%) at most sites. Significant diel cycles in the contribution to [NR-PM1] of organics, sulfate, and nitrate can be observed at a majority of sites both in winter and summer. Early morning minima in organics in concomitance with maxima in nitrate are common features at regional and urban background sites. Daily variations are much smaller at a number of coastal and rural sites. Looking at NR-PM1 chemical composition as a function of NR-PM1 mass concentration reveals that although organics account for the major fraction of NR-PM1 at all concentration levels at most sites, nitrate contribution generally increases with NR-PM1 mass concentration and predominates when NR-PM1 mass concentrations exceed 40 μg/m³ at half of the sites.
