Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Loaded Chitosan-Grafted-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Hydrogels for Oral Controlled Drug Delivery: In Vitro Biodegradation, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Effects

Abstract

In this study, chitosan (CS) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS)-based hydrogels were formulated by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of gallic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful preparation and loading of gallic acid within the hydrogel network. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the increased thermal stability of the hydrogels following the crosslinking and polymerization of chitosan and AMPS. In X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the crystallinity of the raw materials decreased, indicating strong crosslinking of the reagents and the formation of a new polymeric network of hydrogels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the hydrogel had a rough, dense, and porous surface, which is consistent with the highly polymerized composition of the hydrogel. After 48 h, the hydrogels exhibited higher swelling at pH 1.2 (swelling ratio of 19.93%) than at pH 7.4 (swelling ratio of 15.65%). The drug release was analyzed using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and demonstrated that after 48 h, gallic acid release was maximum at pH 1.2 (85.27%) compared to pH 7.4 (75.19%). The percent porosity (78.36%) and drug loading increased with the increasing concentration of chitosan and AMPS, while a decrease was observed with the increasing concentration of ethylene glycol dimethyl methacrylate (EGDMA). Crosslinking of the hydrogels increased with concentrations of chitosan and EGDMA but decreased with AMPS. In vitro studies demonstrated that the developed hydrogels were biodegradable (8.6% degradation/week) and had antimicrobial (zone of inhibition of 21 and 16 mm against Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as 13 mm against Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively) and antioxidant (73% DPPH and 70% ABTS) properties. Therefore, the prepared hydrogels could be used as an effective controlled drug delivery system.

Keywords

• hydrogel
• polyphenol
• drug delivery
• controlled release
• oral formulation
• antioxidant